What the study found
The author argues that the theory of arbitrary reference is inconsistent with the thesis that weakly discernible entities are metaphysically possible. Weakly discernible entities are described as entities that share all intrinsic and relational properties, yet stand in a symmetric and irreflexive relation.
Why the authors say this matters
The study suggests this is important because the thesis that weakly discernible entities are metaphysically possible is presented as plausible and supported by several arguments. The authors conclude that if that thesis is true, then the theory of arbitrary reference is false, and some claimed applications of the theory would also fail.
What the researchers tested
The paper examines the theory of arbitrary reference, first proposed by Breckenridge and Magidor in 2012, and compares it with the thesis about weakly discernible entities. The article is a philosophical argument rather than an empirical study.
What worked and what didn't
According to the abstract, the argument supports the claim that arbitrary reference cannot be combined with the metaphysical possibility of weakly discernible entities. The abstract also states that two kinds of consequences follow for advocates of arbitrary reference: the theory would be false if the thesis is true, and some proposed applications, including those used by ante rem structuralists, would fail.
What to keep in mind
The abstract gives only the author's argument and does not describe counterarguments, tests, or detailed evidence. It also does not provide a full account of all applications of arbitrary reference, only noting that some depend on the disputed thesis.
Key points
- The paper argues that arbitrary reference is inconsistent with the metaphysical possibility of weakly discernible entities.
- Weakly discernible entities are defined as sharing all intrinsic and relational properties while standing in a symmetric and irreflexive relation.
- The abstract says the thesis about weakly discernible entities is strikingly plausible and supported by several arguments.
- The author claims that if that thesis is true, then arbitrary reference is false.
- The abstract says some applications of arbitrary reference, including for ante rem structuralists, depend on the disputed thesis.
Disclosure
- Research title:
- Arbitrary reference conflicts with weak discernibility
- Authors:
- Sofía Meléndez Gutiérrez
- Institutions:
- Universidad de Guadalajara
- Publication date:
- 2026-03-08
- DOI:
- 10.1111/theo.70077
- OpenAlex record:
- View
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